/ Chin, Lijin; Moran, Jonathan; Clarke, Charles. ' —Dr Charles ClarkePitcher plants are found in four major families, but most are in Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae. Plant. baluensis and N. giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree. Tree shrews (Tupaia montana) feed on exudates produced by glands on the inner surfaces of the pitcher lids and defecate into the pit. The plant grows in lower to middle altitude ranges of 310 to 1,530 meters above sea level. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. September 14, 2022 by Normandi Valdez. attenboroughii described by Robinson et al. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. The genus. They forage on the ground among fallen logs and branches where they feed mostly on arthropods. x, 186:2, (461-470), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2010. Like other species of Sarracenia, S. Host communities are sometimes stocked with symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breakdown of their catch. doi: 10. On closer investigation, however, many of the plants reveal ways they can gain nutrition without preying on animals. Chuột chù núi có mối quan hệ chặt chẽ với một. Convergent traits that have evolved across pitcher plant lineages are essential for trap function, suggesting that key selective pressures are in action. rajah pitcher, measuring 41 cm (1 ft 4. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew‘s body. It is a medium-sized plant with a rosette of leaves and pitchers that are typically green with red stripes. The carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes are largely found in south-east Asia and have evolved pitchers to capture mainly arthropod prey (Clarke 1997, 2001). , N. Pitcher plants are several different. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. 5 fl oz) of digestive fluid. A. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size Lijin Chin1, Jonathan A. Tree shrews ( Tupaia montana ) feed on exudates produced by glands on the inner surfaces of the pitcher lids and defecate into the pitchers. There are around 80 types of pitcher plants found in the genus names Sarracenia, Nepenthes and Darlingtonia. The tropical carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes is characterized by one of the most striking morphological features of plants: an insect-luring pitfall trap. S. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew's body. Special features of the pitcher traps’ surface are responsible for attraction and trapping insects. rajah, N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size, New Phytologist, 10. Frequently cited as bearing the largest pitchers is the giant montane pitcher ( Nepenthes rajah) of Malaysian Borneo whose pitchers can contain as much as 3. New Phytologist 186, 461–470. There are adhesive traps that actively curl their sticky tentacles around victims in order to make them difficult to reach. Specifically, the waste of the tree shrew. Some species provide a haven for symbiotic bacteria that they must break down in order to catch prey. rajah, N. The pitchers are filled with a liquid that contains digestive enzymes. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Pitcher’s traps are thought to have caused the deaths of many animals after they consumed the poison. But a recent study of Nepenthes rafflesiana has shown that the viscoelasticity of the digestive fluid inside the pitchers plays a key role. 5 litres (118. Giant montane pitcher plants (Nepenthes rajah) are found throughout Asia, but the world’s largest carnivorous plant is found on Borneo. They might also derive an increment to fitness giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of by digesting plant materials. 1111/j. 1 was even included into the Top 10 new species for 2010, species. New Phytol. 5 litres (118. rajah) of Malaysian Borneo in particular has pitchers that can contain as much as 3. Trap geometry in three giant . , N. The Genesis of Rat Eating Plants. How big is the biggest Venus Flytrap? The B52 is a giant clone that makes traps 1. The largest meat-eating plant in the world is designed not to eat small animals, but small animal poo. docx - NEPENTHES ATTENBOROUGHII. Expert Help. What is the largest carnivorous plant on earth? montane pitcher plant Endemic to Borneo, the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) is the largest carnivorous plant in the world. Malaysia is the center of biodiversity for the Nepenthes genera, and there are different varieties growing on different mountains. Nepenthes pitcher plants are typically carnivorous,. Mechanisms that improve prey richness in carnivorous plants may involve three crucial phases of. The giant montane pitcher plant is the world’s largest carnivorous plant, growing to a height of 41 centimetres and a capacity for holding 3. Buy Plants. The interactions of N. Subject to change. In terms of trapping volume, the largest carnivorous traps belong to various species in the giant tropical pitcher plant genus of Nepenthes. Giant meat-eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo. 5 liters) of fluid. High up in the majestic hills of India's northeastern state of Meghalaya lies an elusive and unusual carnivore: a pitcher plant. 5 litres (84. Nepenthes trusmadiensis (also called Trus Madi Pitcher Plant, among many other common names) is a species of pitcher plant native to Borneo. Sarracenia oreophila (Green Pitcher Plant) is a carnivorous perennial prized for its upright, slender green pitchers with horizontal lids, and dangling yellow flowers. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. Tropical Ecology 11:589-602. Its urn-shaped traps reach a height of 41 centimetres and a pitcher that. 1 inches (43 centimeters) and contain a pitcher, the name of which refers to the pitcher that holds about 9 gallons ( 3. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 5 litres of water. and N. The distance between the lower rim of the peristome and the pitcher fluid was 151. macrophylla), which capture faeces of small. The family is composed of six genera: Sarracenia, Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Nepenthes, Cephalotus, and Triphora. 5 liters) of fluid, and can reach a height of up to 31 feet (11 meters). Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from . , 2009; Chin et al. These pitcher plants are capable of eating rodents as large as rats, but they resemble flowers more than trees, and they use slow-working acids instead of lightning-quick branches to devour. A. Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes have evolved a striking diversity of pitcher traps that rely on specialized slippery surfaces for prey captu. This species is perhaps the most unusual in the genus , being characterised by its strongly constricted upper pitchers, which bear a greatly reduced. established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. Nepenthes of Borneo. It is a highland pitcher plant and grows in mossy forests and upper montane forests at 1,800 to 2,500 m elevation near the summit of Mount Talang [2, 3]. 5 litres of water. Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Sticky droplets that appear as dewdrops or nectar attract insects and other small prey to the traps. In many pitcher plant species, pitcher morphology, fluid viscoelastic properties, extent of epicuticular wax crystals and peristome design predict, to a large extent, prey. Carnivorous plants were described in a 400-page monograph. CrossrefThe largest carnivorous plant in the world is the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah). The pitcher-shaped leaves of Nepenthes carnivorous plants have been considered as pitfall traps that essentially rely on slippery surfaces to capture insects. 2009. A NEW SPECIES OF GIANT PITCHER PLANT FROM THE PHILIPPINES STEWART MCPHERSON • Dorset, Poole • UK •. f. This study investigates the benefits of carnivory to Nepenthes rafflesiana, a common Bornean lowland species. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo, which is the largest meat-eating plant in the world, prefers to eat small animal poo. and N. Chin, J. Pitchers are the characteristic features of pitcher plants. A large N. A. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. , 186: 461–470. montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew . A Novel Type of Nutritional Ant–Plant Interaction: Ant Partners of Carnivorous Pitcher Plants Prevent Nutrient Export by Dipteran Pitcher Infauna. Author(s) : Chin LiJin; Moran, J. 3 fl oz) of water or 2. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic associationThe largest meat-eating plant in the world is designed not to eat small animals, but small animal poo. Natural History. New Phytol. rajah is often referred. It is named after Hugh Low, who discovered it on Mount Kinabalu. 186, No. Ernst HAECKEL Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Plate 62 Colorful Antique Illustration 11x14 Vintage Botanical Wall Art Print Large Wall Decor LP0101 (1k) $ 14. 03166. It has urn-shaped traps that grow to 41. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. I'd probably do the same if a giant insect ate me like a Rice Krispies treat ReplyThe pitcher plant is a member of the family Sarraceniaceae, a family of carnivorous plants that are native to the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Sarracenia plants available for sale. It is named after the king of the Nepenthes, a plant known as Nepenthes rajah. 1984). They get their common name from their pitcher-shaped leaves, which are modified to trap insects and other small animals. Swimming ants and pitcher plants: a unique ant–plant interaction from. This montane pitcher plant is an important part of. f. lowii, N. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. 5 litres of water capacity can hold up to 40 litres. 4 feet) and can be kept in pitchers that can hold up to 3. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. There are no games scheduled for the date selected. 5 litres (118. The genus Heliamphora contains 23 ѕрeсіeѕ of pitcher plants endemic to South America. Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. f. . 1 inches (43 centimeters) and contain a pitcher, the name of which refers to the pitcher that holds about 9 gallons ( 3. edwardsiana, but differs from that species. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews (Tupaia montana Thomas (Scandentia)), in which the treeshrews defecate into. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size Lijin Chin1, Jonathan A. The giant montane pitcher plant is a botanical predator, ruthlessly luring in prey and feasting on its victims--except when it's not. Darwin’s 200-page. Its urn-shaped traps grow to 41 centimeters tall and can hold 3. Article. A recent review of the threats to carnivorous plants worldwide cited habitat loss to agriculture as the dominant anthropogenic pressure;. Sticky mucilages entice prey into the traps, and the. New Phytologist. f. Read also: 18 Enigmatic Facts About Delphinium . Sarracenia purpurea is probably the most common. This plant has a pitcher in the leaf apex (Clarke and Moran 2015;Dančák et al. Scientists have observed vertebrates and small mammals in their digestive fluid. Its traps can reach 41 cm in height and hold 3. By Matt Walker Editor, Earth News. 5" Pot caseyausman. 1997. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew's body. Pitcher plants thrive in temperatures ranging from 20 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and they can even withstand freezes and temperatures of up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit for a short. It is one of the largest, if not the largest, giant Venus Flytrap clones. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. rajah and N. The largest carnivorous plant is the Giant Montane Pitcher Plant, which grows, with its mouth open to the sky, in the mountains of the Phillipines . macrophylla, produce modified pitchers that ‘capture’ tree shrew faeces for nutritional benefit. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae, approx. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size, New Phytologist, 10. New. In an unexpected. vertebrates, as well as small mammals, have been discovered to have digestive fluid in their bodies. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo has a pitcher the exact same size as a tree shrew's body. Phytol. 4 ± 37. Competition shrew body size. Đây là loài đặc hữu Borneo. Nepenthes of Borneo. Related. Carnivorous plants produce digestive enzymes that dissolve their prey into a nutritional bug stew. The total number of these plants on record is 630. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size Lijin Chin1, Jonathan A. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew. giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a. When the dissolved solids content of your water is less than 50ppm. And it is not only due to the fact that new and often bizarre species of the genus are being discovered every year in remote highlands (N. The plant has since been discovered in several locations around the world, most. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. rafflesiana, and the woolly bat Kerivoula hardwickii. and N. Convergent traits that have evolved across pitcher plant lineages are essential for trap function, suggesting that key selective pressures are in action. 2010; 186:. Nepenthes rajah, also known as the giant montane pitcher plant, is native to Borneo and its traps grow 41 cm (16. While pitcher plants are more famous for being deadly pitfall traps that drown insects, Low's Pitcher Plant is different from the others because. Tree shrew lavatories: a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in a tropical pitcher plant. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. doi:. Moran2 and Charles Clarke1 1School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; 2School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads. 3 fl oz) of water or 2. rajah and N. It is a medium-sized plant with a rosette of leaves and pitchers that are typically green with red stripes. Using a digestive mutualism between a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes hemsleyana) and a bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that ecological outsourcing is a profitable strategy for the outsourcing partner. 2006. 9 feet) tall with pitchers that are 30 cm (11. Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. What varies is not just how the prey fall in, but what they fall into. The giant montane pitcher plant falls into the category of a pitfall trap. Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes have gained considerable attention during last few years. Adhesive traps are used to lure insects and other small prey with sticky droplets that resemble nectar or dewdrops. Its pitchers are 30 cm (11. Notably, three giant montane species are en. 1371/journal. But it. , N. It’s big enough to trap rats – though it doesn’t do it very often. Log in Join. Leave a Comment Cancel reply. The pitcher lid shows interspecific variation, but is believed to have an attractive function and, in some species, to prevent dilution of the digestive. , 2000; Thorogood, 2010). rajah Hook. The giant montane pitcher plant is endemic to the northeastern Malaysian state of Sarawak. rajah, N. 2022; Bauer et al. f. 5 out of 5 stars. Further, the newly discovered mutualism between R. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. They have been known to consume animals as large as frogs, birds and even rats. As with most carnivorous plants, the Western Australian pitcher plant is. New Phytol. The venus flytrap is one of the best-known carnivorous plants, but it is far from the only one. [8] established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo, Nepenthes lowii Hook. . edu. The giant montane pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is endemic to Borneo’s mountains. Nepenthes rajah is a(n) research topic. Recent studies have also revealed patterns of divergent evolution in functional. 3 meters of water. 5 litres (118. , 2011). 5 mm). Our inventory of pitcher plants features a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and colors. Another new species of giAnt pitcher plAnt from the philippines stewArt mcpherson • 61 Lake Drive • Hamworthy • Poole • Dorset • BH15 4LR • UK • stewart@ redfernnaturalhistory. Other articles where Attenborough’s pitcher plant is discussed: Nepenthes: Major species: species, the critically endangered Attenborough’s pitcher plant (N. Tree shrews (Tupaia. Tweet. 2009. Stoichiometry help- chemistry; An. Keep the soil moist. rafflesiana, and N. Carnivorous plants generally stick to a diet of bugs that they ensnare. Insects and other small prey are drawn to sticky droplets that resemble nectar or dewdrops when adhesive traps are used. 120 species) are carnivorous pitcher plants with a centre of diversity comprising the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra and Sulawesi. Kerth, A. Clarke, Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Welcome to the Bananas. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Write a review. 5 metres (4. New Phytol. Tree shrews (Tupaia montana) feed on exudates produced by glands on the inner surfaces of the pitcher lids and defecate into the pitchers. 2010; 186:461–470. rajah, N. This plant has urn-shaped traps that can grow to 41. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. When the tentacles of adhesive traps become weak, they will actively curl around them. Not all of these are suitable for outdoor. , N. Schöner. get species. and N. T rap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. Mutualistic relationships between vertebrates and plants apart from the pollen and seed-dispersal syndromes are rare. The giant montane pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant native to Malaysia and the largest in the world. Three species of Nepenthes pitcher plants from Borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews, the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources. The carnivorous syndrome in Nepenthes pitcher plants: current state of knowledge and potential future directions. C LARKE, C. By Bente Bouthier Posted May 23, 2018. Botanists have discovered that the giant montane pitcher plant of Borneo, which is the largest meat-eating plant in the world, prefers to eat small animal poo. Clarke et al. The Root Of Plant Potential. But there’s another taste it prefers to that of meat: poop. For example, in the northern pitcher (Figure 1—Sarracenia purpurea) downward facing hairs make it. Nepenthes lowii / n ɪ ˈ p ɛ n θ iː z ˈ l oʊ i aɪ /, or Low's pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. They also consume large quantities of wild fruits. Grafe, T. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. The largest meat-eating plant in the world is designed not to eat small animals, but small animal poo. Carnivorous plants have evolved to trap and digest animals in a variety of ways. In Borneo’s tropical forests, a large, carnivorous pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and a small mammal called a treeshrew have a great relationship. New Phytol. It can trap small mammals such. Carnivorous plants produce digestive enzymes that dissolve their prey into a nutritious bug stew in the form of digestive enzymes. Semantic Scholar's Logo. KidHornet817. C. A carnivorous plant is a flowering plant that consumes and kills animals in order to obtain nutrition. Most tropical pitcher plants grow in the upper canopy of the rainforest and prefer very bright light,. elongata aerial pitchers provided enough roosting space for two bats. By volume, Nepenthes is also the genus with the largest carnivorous plant traps. Nepenthes is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with 120 species described thus far. 5 litres. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. A mathematical model is developed that links the peristomes’ three-dimensional geometries to the physics of prey capture under the laws of Newtonian mechanics to show that prey size and behavior correlate with peristome shape. 1 was evenThe carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes grows in nutrient-deficient substrates and produce jug-shaped leaf organs (pitchers) that trap arthropods as a source of N and P. CLARKE, C. it is one of three species of Nepenthes to have special adaptations to capturing vertebrate faeces. Kitching. 2007. The petals of a flower are often brightly colored and scented to attract insects and other pollinators. vertebrates, as well as small mammals, have been discovered to have digestive fluid in their bodies. The pitcher plants are able to gain important nutrients although they grow on nutrient deprived habitats and are poor insect traps (Moran, 1996, Grafe et al. 5 liters) of fluid. …genus includes the critically endangered Attenborough’s pitcher plant (N. rajah with vertebrates, however, are poorly understood, and the potential mechanisms that lure vertebrates to the pitchers are. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. The flagship species of the Mindanao Montane Rainforests ecoregion is the giant Philippine eagle. 5 ounces). In particular, the giant montane pitcher of Malaysian Borneo has pitchers that can hold up to 3. An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. lowii, N. New Phytol, 186(2):461-470, 22 Jan 2010 Cited by: 33 articles | PMID: 20100203. 2 to 4. Citation 1 was even included into the Top 10 new species. Ocean County College. , 186 (2010), pp. What is largest carnivorous plant? Endemic to Borneo, the giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah) is the largest carnivorous plant in the world. The idea that pitcher plants can hurt humans is understandable. 8 mm ( n = 4), most N. Setting the Temperature and Humidity. Giant montane pitcher plants, such as Nepenthes rajah, are the largest carnivorous plants on the planet. Indd; The Roots of Carnivorous Plants; A Unique Resource Mutualism Between the Giant Bornean Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes Rajah, and Members of a Small Mammal Community; Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt; VCPS Jun 06 Journal No 82. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. 5 litres (84. M. Its urn-shaped traps can grow to be 41 centimeters tall and can hold 3. 1995. Nepenthes tobaica (also called Toba Pitcher Plant, among many other common names) is a species of pitcher plant native to Borneo. . 1111/j. The IUCN Red List identifies 35 Nepenthes species as endangered or vulnerable, while ten of them are critically. You're currently viewing our message boards as a guest which gives you limited access to participate in discussions and access our other features such as our wiki and photo gallery. Based on the morphological and reflectance analyses, it is hypothesized that pitchers of N. Carnivorous plants, the world’s largest flower and trees that can reach 60 metres are all part of Borneo’s extraordinary tropical vegetation. New Phytologist 186 : 461 – 470 . For example, last year we reported on the giant montane pitcher plant, which had been rumored to swallow up animals as large as rat-sized tree shrews. New Phytol. , 2011). Surprisingly, however, the aerial pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana variety elongata are poor insect. The giant montane pitcher plant (Nepenthes rajah), a carnivorous plant, is the world’s largest. Clarke, CM, Moran JA, Chin, L, 2010. 1958. Article. It grows at higher elevations than any other Bornean Nepenthes species, occurring at elevations of over 3,200 m (10,500 ft). Chi Nắp ấm hay còn gọi chi nắp bình, chi bình nước (danh pháp khoa học: Nepenthes ) là chi thực vật duy nhất trong họ đơn chi Nepenthaceae. Chin L, Moran JA, Clarke C. Completely different examples of alternative nutrient acquisition can be seen in three giant montane pitcher plants from Borneo (N. R. rajah and N. pone. . The world’s largest carnivorous plant, the giant montane pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, is a gigantic pitcher plant. 21-22. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening as insect-alluring devices. Sarracenia habitats may be coastal, piedmont or montane (mountainous). This is the first case in which the faeces-trapping syndrome has been documented in a pitcher plant that attracts bats and only the second case of a mutualistic association between a carnivorous plant and a mammal to date. , 2011 and Schöner. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews (Tupaia montana Thomas (Scandentia)), in which the treeshrews defecate into the Nepenthes’ pitchers whileEurope PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. With a Flick of the Lid: A Novel Trapping Mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis. 461 - 470. N. 2012. A. 5 fl oz) of digestive fluid. 5 liters of water. Those fluids can dissolve insects but humans are safe around it. f. Three Bornean pitcher plant species, Nepenthes lowii, N. The continuous bar under the x-axis represents photoperiod - white: light, black: dark. The iron-shaped traps on this plant can grow to be up to 16. T rap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant. For example, in pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack,The plant is endemic to Borneo and is known as the giant montane pitcher plant.